Explanation: On chlorinating Alkali hypochlorite we get hydroxy or methoxybiphenyl, the reaction is as follows : C6H5-C6H5-OH ————–> C6H5-C6H5-Cl-OH.

Explanation: Thionyl Chloride (SOCL2), Sulfuryl Chloride (SO2CL2) and Phosphorus Chlorides(PCL3, PCL5) are all used as chlorinating agents.

Explanation: It is true that Phosphorus pentachloride is employed as an esterification agent in the treatment of alcohols, the halide becoming hydrolysed during the reaction.

Explanation: Acid chlorides can be made from the corresponding fatty acids by treatment with phosphorus halides such as : RCOOH + PCI5 ——-> RCOCl + POCl3 + HCI.

Explanation: The Sandmeyer reaction is a valuable procedure for the preparation of halogen derivatives, such as fluorobenzene that generally cannot be made by other more direct methods.

Explanation: During the reaction, firstly we prepare the solution of diazonium halide and gradually add it to a solution of the corresponding cuprous halide. Afterwards the diazotization and replacement of the diazo group takes place in one operation.

Explanation: The reaction is called Sandmeyer’s reaction because of the formation of diazonium solution, and sandmeyer’s reaction is used in formation of fluorination.

Explanation: In general, methods similar to chlorination with chlorine and chlorides can be employed in the preparation of bromine derivatives. Because the reaction is milder, the bromination of the paraffin hydrocarbons does not proceed so rapidly or to a great degree; and with the lower permissible operating temperature, the formation of polybromine compounds occurs to a lesser extent.

Explanation: The bromination of benzaldehyde leads to the formation of bromobenzyl benzoate according to the following reactions: C6H5-CHO + Br2 ———> C6H5-COBr + HBr.

Explanation: Normal additions occur in the absence of peroxides and in practice this condition can be brought about by working under carefully controlled conditions or by the addition of Antioxidants to the reaction mixture. Among the antioxidants found to be effective are diphenylamine, thiophenol, and thiocresol, the first being the least effective of the three.