Explanation: The most common disinfectant is chlorine. This is used as a disinfectant to remove bacteria. 91% of the utilities uses disinfectant as chlorine.

Explanation: The strongest disinfectant is ozone. The usage as a disinfectant has increased to 1%. This method is quiet expensive compared to the other conventional methods.

Explanation: The UV method doesn’t produce any byproducs while disinfection. Hence the efficiency of this method is considered to be superior compared to the other methods. This is the most efficient method to remove viruses.

Explanation: Chlorine is the most popular method used in disinfection. 1-6 mg/L chlorine dosage is the most effective dosage used in disinfection. Free chlorine is more effective than combined chlorine when used as a disinfectant.

Explanation: The most effective dosage of ozone to bring about disinfection is 1-5 mg/L. Ozone disinfects bacteria very efficiently. Viruses are also killed by ozone very efficiently.

Explanation: The most effective dosage of UV is 20-100 mJ/cm2. Low pressure and high intensity of 254 mm is used as a disinfectant. Sometimes the UV is also operated at medium pressure.

Explanation: Chlorine dioxide produces chlorite as the byproduct. In some cases chlorate is also formed. Chlorine dioxide is used as a disinfectant to kill bacteria and virus in water.

Explanation: Free chlorine is used as a disinfectant to reduce bacteria. This reaction is classified as a pseudo first reaction. Similarly, the ozone which reduces bacteria is also classified as a pseudo first reaction.

Explanation: Chlorine dioxide is used as a disinfectant to remove bacteria is virus. This is usually an accelerating rate reaction. This is observed at the low concentration of chlorine dioxide dosage.

Explanation: Chlorine dioxide is a disinfectant used to remove virus and bacteria. This is a decelerating rate reaction. Removal of virus and bacteria by UV is also a decelerating rate reaction.

Explanation: The EE/O for TCA in kWh/1000 US gal/order is 15. This is also called tricarboxylic acid. This requires a reduction catalyst prior to the UV dosage.

Explanation: Decontamination is the use of physical or chemical means to remove, inactivate, or destroy living organisms on a surface so that the organisms are no longer infectious.

Explanation: Asepsis is the employment of techniques (such as usage of gloves, air filters, UV rays etc) to achieve microbe-free environment. Antisepsis is the use of chemicals (antiseptics) to make skin or mucus membranes devoid of pathogenic micro-organisms.